2019上海高考英语六选四试题适合中等程度偏上(19页)

针对高考 中等程度偏上

One 生活类

（A）

A. Of course, you don’t always need to wear a suit. B. Besides, men care more about dress codes than women do. C. In short--remember to keep your whole style plain and simple. D. Companies have seen that the more relaxed attitude to dress not only promotes comfort, but also encourages younger workers to stay. E. All in all, not every company allows its staff to wear earrings. F. First, let’s look at color.

Getting dressed for the office

It’s clear that business wear has changed in the last few years--for both men and women. Even traditional business such as law companies have altered their dress codes from “smart” to “smart-casual”. ___1___. What is less clear, however, is what “smart-casual” actually means. I hope to give you a few basic tips here. There are many factors involved: for example, the particular industry you work in, how much contact you have with the public and your position in the company. The seasons even have a part to play--what is acceptable in the summer might not be in the autumn or winter.

So, does “smart-casual” mean you can come to work in tracksuit bottoms and

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sandals, or does it just mean that you don’t have to wear a tie? ___2___. Fashionable colors for suits for both men and women this season are still the traditional grey, dark blue and black. You see someone wearing grey and it indicates a conservative, professional image; dark blue says you’re trustworthy; and black always looks smart and classy. These colors don’t have to look boring, however. Try wearing a shirt or blouse with a splash of color. Pale blue, pink or lilac are better than loud colors like bright pink and dark red.

____3__. Men can go for a sports-type jacket, with a shirt or smart jumper. You can wear well-cut trousers made of wool, or a good pair of chinos. Women can wear trouser suits or skirt suits. You can also wear more fashionable trousers and a blouse, or a skirt and top. But be careful; avoid wearing baggy, loose clothes, very short skirts and lots of logos and patterns. If in doubt, go back to the suit. You need a similar attitude to jewelry, bags and other accessories; you should try to resist large earrings and huge, colorful bags. ___4___. 答案: DFAC

（B）

A. They take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. C. Skirts are lengthened or shortened, neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. D. Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. AB. Consequently, clothes worn only a few times have to be put aside because of

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being out of fashion. AC. Though less changeable, men’s clothes are of better quality and cost more than women’s.

If women are mercilessly exploited (利用) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. ___1__ When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. ___2__ No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes any thing really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. ___3__There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high- heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion，the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one

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wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? ___4__ Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability (稳定)and reliability (可靠)? That is for you to decide. 答案:AB, C, A, AC

（C）

A. What accounts for this culture of generosity? B. This belief is central to the national character. C. How can a sense of generosity be cultivated? D. Americans’ generosity is rooted in selfless behavior. AB. America’s philanthropic nature is not restricted to the rich. AC. The formal practice of philanthropy traces its origin to a Founding Father.

Charity—Humanity’s most kind and generous desire—is a timeless and borderless virtue, dating at least to the dawn of religious teaching. Philanthropy（慈善行为）as we understand it today, however, is a distinctly American phenomenon, inseparable from the nation that shaped it. From colonial leaders to modern billionaires like Buffett, Gates and Zuckerberg, the tradition of giving is woven into the national DNA.

____1____ Benjamin Franklin, an icon of individual industry and frugality（节俭）even in his own day, understood that with the privilege of doing well came the price of doing good. When he died in 1790, Franklin thought to future generations, leaving in trust two gifts of 1,000 Ib. of sterling silver—one to the city of Boston, the other to Philadelphia. According to his instruction, a portion of the money could not be used for 200 years.

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While Franklin’s gifts lay in wait, the tradition he established evolved alongside the

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____2____ Often far less famed men and women have played a critical role in philanthropy’s evolution. One of my personal heroes is Julius Rosenwald, who helped construct more than 5,300 schools across the segregated（种族隔离）South and opened classroom doors to a generation of African-American students.

____3____ The answer is not just to benefit others. Tax reduction, for one, encourages the rich people to give. And philanthropy has long helped improve the public image of everyone from immoral capitalists to the new tech elite. More troubling, however, are the foundational problems that make philanthropy so necessary. Just before his death, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, “Philanthropy is praise-worthy, but it must not cause the philanthropist to overlook the circumstances of economic injustice which make philanthropy necessary.”

Franklin’s gifts represent a broader principle. We are guardians of a public trust, even if our capital came from private enterprise, and our most important obligation is ensuring that the system works more equally and more justly for more people. ____4____ America’s greatest strength is not the fact of perfection, but rather the act of perfecting.

答案: AC, AB, A, C

（D）

A. The evidence indicates that this hypothesis applies chiefly to males. B. These points of view are widely accepted by the U.S. lawmakers. C. Finally, the authors examined the possible causes for the sex difference in sports interest. D. For example, in every society, males participate in sports at least twice as much as females in terms of frequency or duration.

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nation.

E. These points challenge the bedrock assumptions of many scholars and policy makers. F. However, how can we address the issue from a broad, evolutionary perspective?

Sex difference in sports interest: What does evolution say?

Sports are enormously popular, and one striking pattern is that boys and men are typically much more involved than are girls and women. This sex difference has policy implications, and it raises fundamental questions about the nature of sex differences. A recent review article by Deaner, Balish, and Lombardo (2016), published in Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, analyzes the relevant theoretical work.

First, the authors demonstrated that females' under-representation in sport--both as participants and spectators--generally reflects their lesser sports interest, not merely fewer opportunities for involvement. Moreover, this sex difference occurs in all societies described thus far, from hunters and gatherers to large contemporary societies. _____1_____.

Next, the authors explored adaptive, functional hypotheses（猜想）for sports. One hypothesis holds that individuals compete in sports to gain status and that non-participants monitor sports performances so they can evaluate potential competitors and allies（同盟）. _____2_____. Another hypothesis is that sports serve as courtship displays that advertise participant quality to the opposite sex. This hypothesis effectively explains some aspects of females' sports interest.

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_____3_____. Although it is often assumed that socialization practices entirely cause this sex difference, the evidence that socialization plays a role remains doubtful. In particular, no systematic historical comparison has ever shown a decrease in the sex difference. Moreover, several studies indicate that inborn hormones contribute to males' greater sports interest.

The points from this review are that the sex difference in sports interest is widespread, partly due to evolutionary pressures that differentially affected males and females, and unlikely to be fully overturned by socialization. _____4_____. Most notably, Title IX is a U.S. law that prohibits sexual discrimination in educational opportunities, including sports, and Title IX is generally implemented under the assumption that females' sports interest is inherently equal to that of males. The present research indicates that this implementation may require revision. 答案: DACE

Two 科技类

（A）

A. Unfortunately, there aren’t nearly enough trained genetics counselors to handle the coming upsurge in demand for this type of information. B. Adults cannot do much to alter their biological lot, but what if parents could examine their unborn child’s genome? C. Cancer has become the first killer these years. That’s why people tend to take overtreatment with the knowledge of family history. D. Another fear is that a customer without discussing with genetics counselor can

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receive information via the Internet about a multifold greater risk of breast cancer. AB. Another problem arises whether it is moral to chose to stop pregnancy because of the genome problem. AC. Attitudes toward child rearing might change along with the new technology.

In a few years you will be able to order a transcript of your entire genetic code for less than $1,000. ____1____Two different university laboratories have developed test that will reveal the entirety of a baby’s genetic code using just a blood sample from the mother plus a drop of saliva(唾液)from the father.

Prenatal(出生前的) whole-genome sequencing will provide volumes of information beyond the currently available tests exclusively for genetic disorders such as Down’s syndrome or Tay-Saches disease. The three billion units of code furnished in the new tests will also dwarf(使……相形见的) the relative trickle(零散)of information provided by consumer gene-testing services such as 23andMe, which currently look only at perhaps about one million locations in the genome. ____2____Without careful panning, the new prenatal genetics might rob a child of the chance to make decisions best left until adulthood---whether or not to learn, for instance, if a mutation(突变)predicts the inevitability of Huntington’s disease 20 years hence.

_____3_____. Similar laissez0faire(放住)action to prenatal whole-genome testing could portend(预示)tragedy.

Ultimately certain agency will need to develop a comprehensive policy on prenatal whole genome testing. Bioethics scholars wrote an analysis last summer that calls on

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the medical community to develop a guide to the most relevant genomic data for future parents. ___4___Without access to a much higher level of refined expertise, the secrets of our offspring’s genetic code will continue to remain an unnerving cipher---or worse. 答案: B AC C A

（B）

A. Another function of scannable chips in clothing could be the ability to find out more information about the product, B. High-tech clothes will be a bestseller of IT times. C. Through smart connected devices in our homes, our shopping needs will be anticipated and taken care of. E. But what if it could soon be our clothing itself that has Internet connect ability? F. it isn't just a dream - internet-connected clothes are already being made but are yet to go mainstream.

Wearable technology is nothing new - activity trackers and smart watches are now as ubiquitous as trainers and glasses. ____1_____ In the not too distant future, it's highly likely that our clothes will be almost as smart as our phones.

Given we’ve survived just fine for millennia with the clothes we have now , you might wondering what the point of connected clothing would be. Well, imagine if when you put a jacket in the washing machine, a chip in the jacket automatically puts the machine on the right laundry setting, making life just that little bit

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easier. _____2______For instance, how it was designed, its sustainability and even a playlist made by the brand.

Whilst none of these functions are things we need, the hope is that they'll enhance our clothing and the experience that goes with wearing it. _____3____One company leading the way is clothing care label manufacturer Avery Dennison, who have teamed up with fashion label Rochambeau and Everything to create a bomber jacket with a personalized QR code. The code in the chip then gives the wearer a number of perks such as entry to exclusive clubs, special menus at certain restaurants and a ticket to Rochambeau's next runway show.

But internet-connected clothing isn't the only way fashion is combining with technology - programmatic commerce, a concept developed by global ecommerce consultancy Salmon, is set to change the way we buy clothes.______4_____ For example, before you've even realized you've run out of tights, your favorite online retailer has automatically re-ordered some new ones for you based on your repurchasing patterns and an estimation of the average life cycle of your tights. So with connected clothing and homes, it may soon be that when it comes to fashion, we barely have to think about anything at all. 答案:E AFC

Three 研究类

（A）

A. Those are the risks you should jump to take. 10 B. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival. C. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest. D. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

The Science of Risk-Seeking

Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth tasking. 1 _ Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2 As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.

So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200, 000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. It all depends on your character.

No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 3 To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.

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4 For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active. As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.

答案:AB,B,D,AC

（B）

A. This means that it’s not that math itself hurts; rather, the anticipation of math is painful B. Researchers have developed a mind-reading device that can retrieve images from the person's memory with the help of brain scans. C. For most students, math can be tough but scientists have proved that math problems can actually trigger physical pain. D. Using a brain-scan machine, scientists noticed that whenever people from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain. E. The higher a person’s anxiety of a Maths task, the more he activated brain regions associated with threat detection, and the experience of pain. F. Most students, especially girls, are extremely scared of math.

Does solving a math problem give you a headache? Do you feel nervous when you sit a math exam? ____1____

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Scientists came to this conclusion with an in-depth experiment, which was published in the Public Library of Science One journal. They began by finding out how much participants fear math. Those involved were asked a series of questions such as how they feel when they receive a math textbook or when they walk into a math lesson.

Based on their answers, participants were divided into groups. One group was made up of people who were particularly afraid of math and participants in the other group were more comfortable with the subject.

Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown. ____2____ It was like the pain they would feel, for example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task.

However, scientists saw no strong brain response from people in the second group.

Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety (HMA), math is associated with tension, apprehension and fear. “When you are really thinking about the math problems, your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,” explained Ian Lyons from University of Chicago, US, leader of the study. “____3____”

More interestingly, the brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. “____4____” Lyons said.

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Based on the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests. 答案: C D E A

（C）

A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs. B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must C. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work. D. Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work. E. Although this result may not surprise you ,it leads to important practical advice. F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.

Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help understand why people undertake volunteer word and what keeps their interest in the work.

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Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. ______1_________For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participating from an internal factor (e.g. “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor(e.g., ‘ I volunteer because I’m required to do so .”) . When that happens people become less likely to volunteer in the future. ________2_________

Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. _____3_____ the researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.” Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. _______4_______ . Participants indicated the degree to which the social role

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mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” “ Consistent with the researchers “ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again , lead to concrete advice:” Once an individual begins volunteering ,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity ---- Item like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.” 答案:FBEC

（D）

A. Scientists use indirect methods to discover exoplanets（外行星）. B. Most exoplanets are very different from the ones in our solar system. C. As the star moves unsteadily, it changes the wavelength of the light we see. D. Astronomers have detected signals indicating the presence of a planet. E. However, we have developed the technology to prove their existence only in the last few decades. F. Direct detection of the visible light from giant planets in space is becoming increasingly possible.

Exoplanets :The Hunt Is On

Today scientists believe that planets could outnumber the stars. For centuries, scientists and natural philosophers have proposed that stars in the night sky have planetary systems similar to our own solar systems. The existence of extrasolar

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planets, or exoplanets, has long been discussed. ___1__ Although not the first exoplanet discovery, a planet near a sun-like star was discovered by astronomers in 1995. This kicked off an era of exoplanet hunting, with thousands of discoveries and confirmations following in its wake.

___2__ However, in 2015 NASA’s Kepler space telescope found its first Earth-sized planet in a “habitable” zone. This is the distance from a star where surface temperature of a planet wouldn’t be too hot or too cold for liquid water. So far, only a small slice of our galaxy, the Milky Way, has been explored. Even so, scientist have confirmed over 3500 exoplanets, with more being added every day.

To detect exoplanets, scientists use data from a variety of sources. Large ground- based telescopes, earth- circling and sun- circling satellites all collect different types of information. Because exoplanets are so far away and very lose to stars, it is very difficult to see them directly ____3__. For example, when an exoplanet moves between its star and us, it causes a small drop in the star’s brightness. Measuring this drop is the transit （凌日）method of discovery. NASA’S Kepler space telescope has discovered many exoplanets in this way.

As a planet circles a star, it pulls on it and causes it to shake. __4___. Measuring these slight changes is the radial velocity（径向速度）method of discovering planets. It is one of the most productive methods for finding and confirming exoplanets.

These are just two examples of the many methods scientists use in their hunt for exoplanets, hoping for more information and enhanced detail. As time progresses and technology improves, who knows what else we may find! 答案: EBAC

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Four 历史类

（A）

A. Many of them lost their home. B. There were also a lot of accidents. C. They hoped they could make more money. D. So they left and went to find farmlands in the west. AB. It is true that the settlers ‘journey was extremely difficult AC. But the truth is that the Native Americans were not the biggest problem for the settlers.

In the 19 century, millions of European went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life. Many of them couldn't find work in cities like New York._67_ The people, called settlers, travelled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trail.

Some of these people hoped to find gold in California. The journey sometimes took more than one year. There are a lot of films, called Westerns, about the settlers on the trail. In most of the film, we see the native Americans(American Indians) attacking the settlers, and the \"Indians\" killing many white people._68_ In fact, most of them were very helpful to the settlers.

_69_ many of them walked 3200 kilometers, the whole length of the trail. They had wagons, but the wagons were often too full, so people could not travel in them. Many parents also had to carry their small children. The people were very poor and

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many did not even have shoes— they walked the whole trail bare foot, in extremely cold temperature.

More than 50,000 people, including many women and children, died on the trail. A lot of people died from illnesses like cholera, because the drinking water wasn’t clean.

_70_Many people died under the wheels of wagons, for example, and from accidental gunshots.

Keys: 67~70 D AC AB B

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